This page created 14 June 2014, and last modified: 25 September 2015 (Maier reference numbers added)
The Constantiaci is the 15th of the 18 pseudocomitatenses units listed (98/9.145 in Ingo Maier's numbering scheme) in the Magister Peditum's infantry roster. Its shield pattern (97#17), as found in various manuscripts under the matching label (97.r) Constantiaci, is shown below:
The shield pattern is very simple, showing a red field with a yellow boss sporting a pair of yellow "horns". These horns look like a cut-down version of the twin-headed zoomorphic motif that is extremely common in the Notitia, especially amongst auxilia palatina units. The twin-headed zoomorphic motif is known from a range of sources in northern Europe, such as on the ca. 6th century Torslunda bronze die from Sweden shown below, which looks more like that sported by the Constantiaci than most:
Although there is a Constantiaci listed (102/5.202) under the Comes Africae, there are reasons for believing this unit is not the Constantiaci under discussion here, but rather the Flavia victrix Constantina (98/9.126); if so, this means this Constantiaci is apparently not assigned to any of the field commands in the Notitia, or at least, not under that name. Given however how frequently units called "Flavia" in the Notitia are are also called something along the lines of "Constant...", due to the Constantinian imperial dynasty, also called the Neo-Flavian dynasty, raising so many units during the first half of the 4th century, it is possible that this Constantiaci is the same as the men commanded by the Praefectus militum secundae Flaviae (156/8.7) under the Dux Mogontiacensis. Its non-appearance among the units of the Gallic field army, in contrast to most of the others under the Dux' command, could then possibly be put down to either clerical error, or, perhaps more likely, simply having been destroyed in the aftermath of the 407 invasion of Gaul.
On the other hand, given its lowly position in the infantry roster, implying a late date in joining the field army, the unit may well have been named for Constantine III, western Augustus in 421, and father of Valentinian III, whose name was Flavius Constantius. Since the unit bears a horned motif on its shield, this is evidence that it is more likely an auxiliary as opposed to a legionary formation, since no units described in the Notitia as being legionary carry the motif. If so, the pseudocomitatenses status of the unit may imply that it had been renamed for Constantine III, as opposed to newly named, since a newly-raised auxilia units at this date would probably have been given palatina status.
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